ื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™
ื“ืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ืช โ€บ ื‘ื“ืง ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืžืœืื›ื™

ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืžืœืื›ื™

ื‘ื“ืง ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืžืœืื›ื™, ืžื”ืฉื›ื ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื”

ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื”ื ื“ืกื™ืช ืœื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืœื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืœื‘ืชื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืžืœืื›ื™, ืขื ืงื•ื‘ื™ ืžืœื›ื” ืžืงืจื™ื™ืช ื’ืช.

ื‘ื“ืง ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืžืœืื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื”ื ื“ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืจื” ืื• ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ: ืœืคื ื™ ืงื ื™ื™ื”, ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกื™ืจื” ืžืงื‘ืœืŸ ืื• ื›ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกื“ืงื™ื. ืืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืงื•ื‘ื™ ืžืœื›ื”, ื”ื ื“ืกืื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื ื”ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื•ืกืžืš, ืฉื’ืจ ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืช ื’ืช ื”ืฉื›ื ื”. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื“ื•ื— ืžืกื•ื“ืจ ืขื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ.

ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืฉื™ืคื•ืขื™ ืจื™ืฆื•ืฃ ื‘ืคืœืก ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืจื—ืฆื” ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื”

ืœืžื” ื‘ื•ื“ืง ืžืงืจื™ื™ืช ื’ืช ื”ืฉื›ื ื”?

ื›ื™ ืงื•ื‘ื™ ื’ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืงืœ ืœืชืื ืื™ืชื• ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื•ื’ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืื—ืจื™ ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื•ืืช ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื•.

ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืœืžืขืœื” ืžึพ12 ืฉื ื•ืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื•ื‘ืงืจืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช. ืžื™ ืฉื ื™ื”ืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ืคื” ืœื™ืงื•ื™ื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชืชืจ, ื•ืื™ืคื” ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืคืขืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ.

ืžื” ื ื‘ื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืžืœืื›ื™?

ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืžืœืื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืชื™ืงื•ืช, ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.

  • ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช: ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ืžืงื“ืžืช ืืช ื”ืงืžืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื—ื ื”, ื›ืจืžื™ ื”ื ื“ื™ื‘, ื”ืกื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื ืื•ืช ื”ื›ืคืจ, ืœืฆื“ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.
  • ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช: ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช ื–'ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืกืงื™ ื•ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื”, ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 23 ืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื 195 ื“ื™ืจื•ืช.
  • ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš: ืžืžื–ืจื— ืœืขื™ืจ ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ืข ื”ืืœื”, ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.

ืœืฆื“ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžืœืื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื. ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ื•ืกื“ื” ื›ืžืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ึพ1950, ื•ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื™ื ืฆืžื•ื“ื™ ืงืจืงืข ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ืฆื ืจืช ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื.

ืžื” ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ื‘ื‘ื“ืง ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืžืœืื›ื™?

ื›ืœ ื ื›ืก ื•ื”ื“ื’ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื•.

01

ื“ื™ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”

ื’ืžืจ, ืื™ื˜ื•ื, ืจื™ืฆื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืชืืžื” ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืžืคืจื˜ ื”ืžื›ืจ, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื•ืชืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ.

02

ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืžื’ื“ืœ ื—ื“ืฉ

ืžืจืคืกื•ืช, ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช, ื ื™ืงื•ื– ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืขื™ื.

03

ื“ื™ืจื” ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื”

ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืฆื ืจืช ื™ืฉื ื”, ืกื“ืงื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืžืกืชื™ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื”.

04

ื‘ื™ืช ืฆืžื•ื“ ืงืจืงืข

ื’ื’, ืžืขื˜ืคืช, ื—ืฆืจ ื•ื ื™ืงื•ื– ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืช.

05

ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื˜ื•ื

ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื—ื“ื™ืจืช ืžื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืชืงืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื”ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.

06

ืื™ื ืกื˜ืœืฆื™ื” ื•ื ื™ืงื•ื–

ื–ืจื™ืžื” ื•ื ื™ืงื•ื–ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืฆืœืžืช ืฆื ืจืช ืขื ืžืกืš ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ.

ืื™ืš ืžื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืงื”?

01

ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ืขื”

ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ืื˜ืกืืค ืื™ื–ื” ื ื›ืก, ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื•ืžื” ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื”.

02

ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืฆืขื”

ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื ืงื‘ืข ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื ื›ืก ื•ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื”.

03

ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื‘ื ื›ืก

ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืขื ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™, ืžื”ื’ืžืจ ื•ืขื“ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช.

04

ื“ื•ื— ืขื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช

ื›ืœ ืžืžืฆื ืžืชื•ืขื“, ืžื•ืกื‘ืจ ื•ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ืžืœืฆื” ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ.

ื’ื ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื”ื ื“ืกื™ ื•ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืžืœืื›ื™

  • ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืžื˜ืขื ื”ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื. ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื ืฆื™ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ืžืž"ื“ื™ื, ืžืจืคืกื•ืช ืฉืžืฉ, ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžื‘ื ื™ื. ืžืคืงื— ืžื˜ืขื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื™ื–ื, ื”ืงื‘ืœืŸ, ื”ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื, ื”ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืžื•ื ื• ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื™ืŸ.
  • ื›ืชื‘ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืžื“ืŸ. ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ ืื• ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ื™ืชืžื—ืจื• ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.

ื”ืฆืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ืœืคื™ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื ื›ืก

ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ื ื›ืก, ืžืžืœืื™ื ืฉื ื•ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื ืคืชื— ื›ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžื•ื›ื ื” ื‘ื•ื•ืื˜ืกืืค ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ื™.

ื”ืฆืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ืœืคื™ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื ื›ืก

ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื, ืžืžืœืื™ื ืฉื ื•ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื ืคืชื— ื›ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžื•ื›ื ื” ื‘ื•ื•ืื˜ืกืืค ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ื™.

ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื ืคืชื—ื™ื ื›ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžื•ื›ื ื” ื‘ื•ื•ืื˜ืกืืค. ืื ื‘ื—ืจืชื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ืฆืจืคื• ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืฆืณืื˜ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืคืชื—.

ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช

ืฉืืœื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช

ื›ืŸ. ืงื•ื‘ื™ ืžืœื›ื” ื’ืจ ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืช ื’ืช ื”ืฉื›ื ื” ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ื“ืง ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืžืœืื›ื™ ื•ื‘ืขืจื™ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ.

ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืื™ื˜ื•ื, ืฆื ืจืช ื•ืกื“ืงื™ื, ื•ื’ื ืžื” ื‘ื•ืฆืข ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื. ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื›ื ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ.

ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืกื™ืจื”, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื•ืชืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ. ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื›ื ืกืชื, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ื“ืง, ื•ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื•ืœืคืช ืฉื ื” ืžื”ืžืกื™ืจื”.

ื›ืŸ, ื•ืžื•ืžืœืฅ. ื›ืš ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื•ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื.

ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื ืงื‘ืข ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื ื›ืก ื•ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื”. ืฉืœื—ื• ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ืื˜ืกืืค ื•ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื”ืฆืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช.

ืงื•ื ื™ื ืื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืžืœืื›ื™?

ืฉืœื—ื• ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ืื˜ืกืืค ื•ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื”ืฆืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ืœื‘ื“ืง ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืžืœืื›ื™.